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Inglese, gli errori tipici: il past perfect

Chiarimenti ed esempi di utilizzo del past perfect.
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Quando si deve susare il past perfect ?

  • Si usa il past perfect per parlare di qualcosa avvenuto prima di altro nel passato.
    Si usa il past perfect per parlare dell'evento più recente e il simple past per parlare dell'evento più remoto.
    • I had felt tired all morning but I felt fine after lunch.

    Spesso si usa when, before o after per sottolineare cosa succede prima:
    • When I had finished my lunch I went for a walk.
    • He arrived after the meeting had started.
    • The meeting had started before she arrived.

    Si possono usare anche parole come yet, already, until per sottolineare cosa è successo prima:
    • I arrived at 9am but she had not arrived yet.
    • I arrived at 10am but he had already arrived.
    • We did not start the meeting until she had arrived.
    • By 9pm she had finished the report.
    Nota: si usa il simple past non il past perfect per parlare di una singola azione nel passato:
    • I started university last year. (Errato: I had started university last year.)

  • Si usa il past perfect con verbi come like, intend, hope and think per parlare di qualcosa non è stato completato:
    • I had intended to write to you but I forgot your email address.
    • I had hoped to see you at the party but you weren't there.

  • Si usa il past perfect nel discorso indiretto per indicare il past simple e il present perfect:
    • 'I drank all the milk.' --> He said he had drunk all the milk.
    • 'I've passed all my exams!' --> She said she had passed all her exams.

Esempi

  • I arrived at 1pm but she didn't arrive yet.
  • I arrived at 1pm but she hadn't arrived yet.
  • I went to his house this morning but he already left.
  • I went to his house this morning but he had already left.
  • Lisa had graduated from university yesterday.
  • Lisa graduated from university yesterday.

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